
Kingdom of Morocco
Geography
Area: 446,550 sq. km. (172,413 sq. mi.) slightly larger than California. (The disputed territory of Western Sahara comprises another 267,028 sq. km or 102,703 sq. mi.)
Major cities: Rabat (Capital), Casablanca, Marrakech, Fes, Meknes, Tangier.
Terrain: Coastal plains, mountains, desert.
Climate: Mediterranean to more extreme in the interior and south.
People
Nationality: Noun and adjective–Moroccan(s).
Population (2004): 31,478,000
Annual growth rate (2004): 1.4%.
Ethnic groups: Arab-Berber 99%.
Religions: Muslim 99.99%, Jewish population estimated at 4,000 people, Christian population estimated at less than 1,000.
Languages: Arabic (official), several Berber dialects; French functions as the language of business, government, and diplomacy.
Education: Years compulsory–9. Literacy–52.6%.
Health: Infant mortality rate–49.72/1,000. Life expectancy–66.92 yrs. male, 71.44 yrs. female.
Work force (10.7 million, 2003): Agriculture–50%; services–35%; industry–15%
Environment
Physical Description: Morocco boasts the highest mountains in northern Africa. The Rif mountain chain runs along the northern Mediterranean coast with its peak at Mount Tidirhine at just over 8,000 ft. The Atlas mountains dominate the center of the country with an average elevation of 11,000 ft. At 13,665 ft., Mount Toubkai is the highest peak. Rocky plateaus make up half of Morocco’s land area. The alluvial lowlands, where agriculture is concentrated, around 20 percent. The Saharan plateau dominates the south. Morocco is dominated by Algeria to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the disputed Western Sahara to the south.
Climate: Mediterranean with extreme heat in the interior
Irrigated Land: 4,857 sq miles (1993 est.)
Land Use:
Arable Land: 21%
Permanent Crops: 1%
Permanent Pastures: 47%
Forests and Woodland: 20%
Other: 11% (1993 est.)
Natural Resources: Phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc
Natural Hazards: Northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes; periodic droughts
Eco-alerts: Morocco suffers from the standard regional environmental problems of land degradation from farming exhausted lands, overgrazing and destruction of vegetation. Water supplies are frequently contaminated by raw sewage. Oil pollution plagues coastal waters.
Morocco’s strategic location has shaped its history. Beginning with the Phoenicians, many foreigners were drawn to this area. Romans, Visigoths, Vandals and Byzantine Greeks ruled successively. Arab forces began occupying Morocco in the seventh century A.D., bringing their civilization and Islam. The Alaouite dynasty, which has ruled Morocco since 1649, claims descent from the Prophet Muhammad.Morocco’s location and resources led to early competition among European powers in Africa, beginning with successful Portuguese efforts to control the Atlantic coast in the 15th century. France showed a strong interest in Morocco as early as 1830. Following recognition by the United Kingdom in 1904 of France’s “sphere of influence” in Morocco, the Algeciras Conference (1906) formalized France’s “special position” and entrusted policing of Morocco to France and Spain jointly. The Treaty of Fes (1912) made Morocco a protectorate of France. By the same treaty, Spain assumed the role of protecting power over the northern and southern (Saharan) zones.Nationalist political parties, which took shape under the French protectorate, began a strong campaign for independence after World War II. Declarations such as the Atlantic Charter (a joint U.S.-British statement set forth, among other things, the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live), served as a base for the independence movement.

A manifesto of the Istiqlal (Independence) Party in 1944 was one of the earliest public demands for independence. That party subsequently provided most of the leadership for the nationalist movement and remains a dominant political force.In 1953, France exiled the highly respected Sultan Mohammed V and replaced him with the unpopular Mohammed Ben Aarafa. Ben Aarafa’s reign was widely perceived as illegitimate, and sparked active opposition to French rule. France allowed Mohammed V to return in 1955, and by 1956, Morocco had regained its independence.In the year 2006, Moroccans celebrated their 50
th year of independence from France. After gaining independence on March 2, 1956, Morocco regained control over certain Spanish-ruled areas through agreements with Spain in 1956 and 1958. The internationalized city of Tangier was reintegrated with the signing of the Tangier Protocol on October 29, 1956. The Spanish enclave of Ifni in the south became part of Morocco in 1969. Spain, however, retains control over the small coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla in the north.During the 1990s, King Hassan made great strides toward economic and political liberalization. King Hassan died on July 23, 1999, and was succeeded by his son, Mohammed VI, who pledged to continue these reforms. Under Mohammed VI, the Moroccan Government has undertaken a number of economic, political, and social reforms, including the 2003 Moudawana, a reform of the family status code, and the 2006 Equity and Reconciliation Commission, which investigated allegations of human rights abuse from 1956 to 1999.