The Dominion Arboretum of Canada, in 1886 a few farms, south west of Ottawa, were set aside as the Central Experimental Farm. Soon, the Dominion Arboretum and Ornamental Gardens were established. The first 200 species of trees and shrubs were planted in the autumn of 1889. By the end of the 19th century, more than 3,000 specimens made up the scientific and research collection. A collection in the north-east corner of the Arboretum can be viewed from Prince of Wales Drive, just as you enter The Farm from Dows Lake. It contains eight species, three varieties and has a wonderful showing of flowers during the early spring.

The diversity of trees, initially planted in the Arboretum, includes specimens which are the best to demonstrate how trees meet arboriculture, horticulture, and agriculture needs.
The existing Arboretum covers approximately 26 ha of rolling land between Prince of Wales Drive and the historical Rideau Canal system. The terrain is comprised of various soil types from loam, sandy loam to clay with varying moisture levels. Because the Dominion Arboretum is north of the 45 degree latitude, it is considered to be the most northerly Arboretum on the continent and is especially useful in testing for hardiness of various plant materials.

Many trees did not survive the Ottawa climate. Many did, however, and visitors to the Arboretum today are surprised to find specimens which normally do not grow in the National Capital area. Although not presently used in an active science research program, the Arboretum collection annually is enjoyed by an estimated 175,000 visitors who experience its peace and beauty or enjoy recreating on the 26 ha site.